Ubwoko bw'ibyuma

Ubwoko bw'ibyuma

Iki gice kizaganira ku bwoko butandukanye bw'ibyuma.

Icyuma

Ibiranga ibara ry'icyuma ni microstructure ya graphique, ishoboye gutera kuvunika kubintu kandi bifite isura. Ubu ni ubwoko bukoreshwa cyane mubyuma kandi bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bishingiye kuburemere. Ibyinshi mu byuma bikozwe mu cyuma bifite imiti yangirika ya 2,5 ku ijana kugeza kuri 4 ku ijana bya karubone, 1 ku ijana kugeza kuri 3 ku ijana bya silicone naho ibindi ni ibice bigize icyuma.

Ubu bwoko bw'icyuma bufite imbaraga nke kandi ntiburwanya ihungabana ugereranije nicyuma. Imbaraga zayo zo guhonyora zigereranywa nicyuma gito kandi giciriritse.

Ibikoresho byose byubukorikori bigenzurwa nuburyo bwa grafite ya flake nubunini bwa flake ya grafite, biboneka muri microstructure yicyuma cyumukara.

Umuringa Wera

Ubu bwoko bwicyuma bwavunitse hejuru yumweru kubera ko hari imvura ya karbide yicyuma yitwa cementite. Carbone ikubiye mubyuma byera byera biva mumashanyarazi nkuko byahuye na cementite ihamye aho kuba nka grafite. Ibi bigerwaho hamwe nibiri munsi ya silicon nkibishushanyo mbonera hamwe nigipimo cyihuta cyo gukonjesha. Nyuma yiyi mvura, simaite ikora nkibice binini.

Mugihe cyimvura ya karbide yicyuma, imvura ikuramo karubone mumashanyarazi yambere, bityo ikavanga imvange yerekeza kumurongo wegereye eutectic. Icyiciro gisigaye ni ukumanura ibyuma kuri karubone austenite, ihinduka martensite imaze gukonja.

Ibi birimo karubide ya eutectic nini cyane kuburyo itanga inyungu zo gukomera kwimvura. Mu byuma bimwe na bimwe hashobora kuba imvura ntoya ya simaite ishobora gutwara ihindagurika rya plastike ibuza kugenda kwimuka binyuze muri materique ferrite. Bafite akarusho kuko bongera ubwinshi bwicyuma gikozwe mubyuma gusa kubera ubukana bwabo nigice cyinshi. Ibi bivamo gukomera kwinshi gushobora kugereranwa n amategeko avanze.

Uku gukomera gutangwa ku kiguzi cyo gukomera uko byagenda kose. Icyuma cyera gishobora gushyirwa mubikorwa nka sima, kubera ko karbide igizwe nigice kinini cyibikoresho. Icyuma cyera kiravunika cyane kuburyo kidashobora gukoreshwa mubice byubatswe, ariko kubera ubukana bwacyo bwiza, kurwanya abrasion, nigiciro gito, birashobora gukoreshwa nkubuso bwa pompe zoroshye.

Biragoye gukonjesha ibishishwa byimbitse kumuvuduko wihuse birahagije kugirango ushongeshe gushonga nkicyuma cyera, icyakora gukonjesha byihuse birashobora gukoreshwa kugirango ushimangire ikuzimu ibyuma byera kandi nyuma yibi bisigaye bizaba. gukonja ku muvuduko gahoro bityo bigakora intandaro yicyuma cyumukara. Ibi bivamo ibisubizo byitwa gukonjesha gukonje, kandi birimo ibyiza byo kugira ubuso bukomeye ariko imbere imbere.

Chromium yo hejuru yicyuma cyera yari ifite ubushobozi bwo kwemerera guteramo toni zigera kuri toni 10 kuba umucanga. Ibi biterwa nuko chromium igabanya igipimo cyo gukonjesha gisabwa kugirango habeho karbide binyuze mubwinshi bwibintu. Carbide ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya abrasion nayo ikorwa nibintu bya chromium.

Ibyuma byoroshye

Icyuma gishobora gukoreshwa gitangira nkicyuma cyera, hanyuma ubushyuhe bukavurwa mubushyuhe bwa 950 ° C muminsi ibiri cyangwa umunsi umwe, hanyuma bigakonjeshwa mugihe kimwe.

Carbone muri karbide yicyuma noneho ihinduka grafite na ferrite wongeyeho karubone kubera ubu buryo bwo gushyushya no gukonjesha. Iyi ni inzira ntoya, ariko ituma impagarara zubuso zihindura grafite mubice bya spheroidal aho kuba flake.

Spheroide ni ngufi kandi iri kure yizindi kubera igipimo cyayo gito. Harimo kandi ibice byo hepfo, bikwirakwiza ibice na foton. Bitandukanye na flake, zirimo imipaka idahwitse igira uruhare mukugabanya ibibazo byo guhangayikishwa no kuboneka mubyuma. Byose muri byose, imitungo yashyizwe mubyuma byoroshye byoroshye bisa nibyuma byoroheje muri kamere.

Gukuramo ibyuma

Rimwe na rimwe byitwa icyuma cyitwa nodular, icyuma gikozwe gifite grafite muburyo bwa node ntoya cyane, hamwe na grafite ifite imiterere yibice byegeranye bityo bikagira node. Bitewe nibi, imiterere yaibyuma byangizani icyuma cya spongy kidafite ingaruka zo guhangayikishwa na flake ya grafite.

Umubare wa karubone urimo hafi 3 ku ijana kugeza kuri 4 ku ijana, naho silikoni igera kuri 1.8 ku ijana kugeza kuri 2.8 ku ijana. Umubare muto wa 0,02 ku ijana kugeza kuri 0.1 ku ijana bya magnesium, na 0,02 ku ijana kugeza kuri 0.04 ku ijana cerium iyo wongeyeho kuri ayo mavuta bigabanya umuvuduko umuvuduko w’imvura ikura binyuze mu guhuza inzira ya grafite.

Carbone irashobora kugira amahirwe yo gutandukana nkibice bya spheroidal nkuko ibikoresho bikomera, bitewe no kugenzura neza ibindi bintu hamwe nigihe gikwiye mugihe cyibikorwa. Ibice bivamo bisa nibyuma byoroshye, ariko ibice birashobora guterwa nibice binini.

Gukuramo Ibintu

Imiterere yicyuma cyahinduwe kandi kongerwamo ibintu bitandukanye bivanga cyangwa ibivangwa mubyuma. Muburyo bwa karubone nikintu silicon kuko ifite ubushobozi bwo guhatira karubone igisubizo. Ijanisha rito rya silikoni ntirishobora kubigeraho byuzuye kuko ryemerera karubone kuguma mubisubizo, bityo bigakora karbide yicyuma kandi ikabyara ibyuma byera.

Ijanisha rinini cyangwa ubunini bwa silikoni irashobora kwirukana karubone mu gisubizo hanyuma igakora grafite hanyuma ikabyara icyuma kijimye. Ibindi bintu bivanga bitavuzwe harimo manganese, chromium, titanium hanyuma vanadium. Ibi birwanya silikoni, binateza imbere kugumana karubone bityo no gukora karbide. Nickel nibintu byumuringa bifite akarusho kuko byongera imbaraga na mashini, ariko ntibishobora noneho guhindura urugero rwa karubone.

Carbone iri muburyo bwa grafite bivamo icyuma cyoroshye, bityo bikagabanya ingaruka zo kugabanuka, kugabanya imbaraga no kugabanya ubucucike burimo. Amazi ya sufuru ahanini yanduye iyo arimo, kandi akora sulfide yicyuma ibuza gukora grafite kandi nayo ikongera ubukana.

Ingaruka zashyizweho na sulfure ni uko ituma ibyuma bishongeshejwe bishonga, bitera inenge. Kugira ngo ukemure kandi ukureho ingaruka za sulfure, manganese yongerewe igisubizo. Ibi bikorwa kuko iyo byombi bihujwe bikora sulfide ya manganese aho kuba sulfide yicyuma. Igisubizo cya manganese sulfide kiroroshye kuruta gushonga kandi gikunda kureremba kiva mumashanyarazi no kwinjira mumurongo.

Umubare ugereranije wa manganese ukenewe kugirango uhagarike ingaruka za sulfure ni 1,7 yibigize sulfure hamwe na 0.3 ku ijana byongeweho hejuru. Kwiyongera kurenza aya mafranga ya manganese bituma habaho karbide ya manganese kandi ibi byongera ubukana no gukonjesha usibye icyuma kijimye aho kugeza 1% bya manganese bishobora kongera imbaraga nubucucike burimo. Nickel ni kimwe mubintu bisanzwe bivangavanze kuko bifite imyumvire yo gutunganya pearlite nuburyo bwa grafite, bityo bikazamura ubukana, ndetse bikanatandukanya ubukana hagati yubunini bwigice.

Chromium yongewemo muke kugirango igabanye grafite yubusa kandi ikonje. Ni ukubera ko chromium ari stabilisateur ya karbide ikomeye, kandi rimwe na rimwe irashobora gukora ifatanije na nikel. Kuri chromium nayo, umubare muto usimbuye amabati urashobora kongerwamo. Umuringa wongewe muri salle cyangwa itanura kurutonde rwa 0.5 ku ijana kugeza kuri 2,5% kugirango ugabanye ubukonje, gutunganya grafite, no kwiyongera mumazi. Molybdenum irashobora kandi kongerwaho muburyo bwa 0.3 ku ijana kugeza kuri 1 ku ijana kugirango nayo yongere ubukonje, itunganyirize grafite, kandi inoze imiterere ya pearlite.

Mubisanzwe byongeweho gukora bijyanye na nikel, umuringa, na chromium kugirango bitange ibyuma bikomeye. Ikintu titanium cyongewe kumurimo nka degasser na deoxidizer, kandi byongera amazi. Ingano ya 0.15 ku ijana kugeza 0.5 ku ijana bya element vanadium yongewe kumyuma isukuye kandi ifasha muguhindura simaite, kongera ubukana no kurwanya kwambara nubushyuhe.

Zirconium ifasha gukora grafite kandi yongewemo hafi ya 0.1 ku ijana kugeza 0.3 ku ijana. Iyi element kandi ifasha mukwangiza no kongera amazi. Mu cyuma cyoroshye gushonga, kugirango wongere umubare wa silicon ushobora kongerwamo, bismuth isukwa mubipimo bya 0.002 ku ijana kugeza 0.01%. Mu cyuma cyera, hongewemo ibintu boron, bifasha mu gukora ibyuma byoroshye, kandi bigabanya ingaruka zikomeye ziterwa na bismuth.